A varicocele is a cluster of enlarged veins around the testicle caused by faulty vein valves. Embolisation closes the refluxing vein from the inside using image-guided venous access, usually as a day procedure.
Varicoceles affect roughly one in seven men and are most commonly left-sided. Faulty valves in the testicular vein let blood pool backwards into the veins around the testicle, which enlarge like varicose veins. The result can be a dragging ache or heaviness (worse with standing, exercise or heat), visible or palpable swelling ("bag of worms"), a smaller testicle on the affected side, and reduced sperm quality. Varicoceles are one of the most common correctable factors in male subfertility.
Rather than tying the veins off surgically through a cut in the groin, embolisation closes the faulty vein from within. Through a tiny puncture in a neck or groin vein, a catheter is guided down the testicular vein under X-ray guidance. Venography confirms the reflux, and the vein is sealed with small coils, often with a sclerosant. Blood immediately reroutes through normal veins with competent valves; the pooling around the testicle stops.
Your symptoms, examination and ultrasound are reviewed; the plan, alternatives and expected outcomes are discussed.
Local anaesthetic and light sedation. One needle puncture in a vein. No incision. The faulty vein is confirmed and closed in the same sitting.
A small dressing, no stitches. Most men return to desk work within a day or two and sport within about a week.
Symptoms settle over weeks. For fertility indications, semen analysis is rechecked after about three months, one full sperm production cycle.
Comparative studies report similar technical and clinical outcomes to surgical repair in selected patients, with a shorter recovery and no surgical incision. Recurrence occurs in roughly 5–10% of men over the long term (similar to surgery) and can usually be re-treated the same way.
After-effects are mild: an ache in the back or groin for a few days is the most common. Uncommon risks include bruising at the puncture site, inflammation of the treated vein, and rarely a coil moving from position. Serious complications are rare, and the testicle's normal blood supply is not disturbed.
Comparative studies report similar outcomes for pain relief and fertility in selected patients. Embolisation avoids a surgical incision and is often performed with local anaesthetic and light sedation, with return to work commonly within a day or two. For recurrent varicoceles after surgery, venography can identify recurrent reflux pathways that may be amenable to embolisation.
In men with a clinical varicocele and abnormal semen parameters, treatment improves sperm count and motility in the majority, and meta-analyses support improved pregnancy rates. It is not a guarantee, and treatment cannot address other causes of infertility. Dr Tarr coordinates with fertility specialists.
Most men describe a mild ache for a few days, managed with simple pain relief. It's noticeably gentler than recovering from a groin incision.
Light activity within a couple of days; running and lifting usually within about a week, guided by comfort.
A short explainer on varicocele embolisation from Dr Chris Rogan, an Australian interventional radiologist.
Watch on YouTube ↗Selected sources supporting the information on this page. General information only, not a substitute for personalised medical advice. Reviewed by Dr Gregory Tarr; last reviewed September 2026.